 |
The World Conservation Monitoring Centre provides information services on conservation and sustainable use of the world's living resources, and helps others to develop information systems of their own. |
Preliminary list of threatened trees of Sumatra
This list includes tree species of Sumatra which have a global threat category following the 1994 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. The categories have been applied during an international project to evaluate the conservation status of trees worldwide funded by the Government of the Netherlands. The project is being undertaken by WCMC in association with IUCN/SSC and a wide range of other organisations and individual experts.
Where the IUCN categories have been applied to species in the list the assessor is given. A report of the Viet Nam Regional Workshop which formed the basis for some of the assessments is available from WCMC. IUCN global threat categories have been applied to all the dipterocarps but the categories are given here only for species endemic to Sumatra. The summary information on dipterocarps given below has been prepared by WCMC from literature.
The list also includes species which are suspected to be globally threatened and are currently being evaluated. References which refer to the species name or supplement the summary text are provided. Threatened tree species which are endemic to Sumatra are marked with an asterisk.
Comments are welcomed on this preliminary list. Sumatra has over 180 endemic tree species many of which will be under threat from the fires.
Acer laurinum
Aceraceae
China (Guangdong - Hainan), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand
A montane forest tree rare in Sumatra.
Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop
Refs: 6726, 8507, 14808, 18327, 19017
Afzelia rhomboidea
Leguminosae VU A1cd
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Philippines?
A slow-growing species scattered on low hills and ridges and temporarily inundated sites. The timber is regarded as very valuable locally and, in the past, exploitation has been considerable in the Philippines.
Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop
Refs: 4919, 5550, 12937, 14573, 19057
Agathis borneensis
Araucariaceae VU A1cd
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)
The taxonomy of the species is not resolved. The taxon here represents a tree ranging in Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra to the Philippines, where it meets and is perhaps not distinguishable from A. dammara. Agathis species are distinctive, highly-sought and exploited for their valuable timber. Large stands of this species have been completely extracted in much of its range, most notably in Kalimantan. Exploitation continues to be heavy and regeneration in residual stands is insufficient to replace lost populations. In the past the tree has also been destructively expoited for copal. Plantations are now established.
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Refs: 5550, 6851, 9328, 10244, 14573
Aglaia membranifolia
Meliaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
This tree is only known from a few herbarium specimens.
Refs: 6509
Aglaia rubiginosa
Meliaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Philippines, Singapore
An emergent tree of freshwater peat swamp forest, also found in dry heath forest, kerangas, lowland primary forest and hill forest. The wood is used in house and boat building.
Refs: 5550, 8865, 9199, 10547, 11145, 12937, 18327
Aglaia yzermannii
Meliaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
This small, locally common rheophyte is only found in riverine forest on granite soils, especially next to the deeper areas of fast flowing stony rivers. It is known from only one locality in Sumatra.
Refs: 6509
Anisoptera costata
Dipterocarpaceae
Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam
A large tree of semi-evergreen dipterocarp, evergreen and humid lowland forest that occurs on land which is at a premium for conversion to crops. In some areas it is an exceptionally rare tree and in the Philippines it is known from only one collection. It is a major commercial timber species and is used for general construction, veneer and plywood.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 10013, 14573
Anisoptera curtisii
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand
A species which occurs in mixed dipterocarp forest species, mainly on coastal hills and inland ridges. The wood is utilized.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 14573, 18243
Anisoptera laevis
Dipterocarpaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore
A timber tree which is widespread and recorded in a number of proposed reserve sites.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 7875, 9169, 9199
Anisoptera marginata
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A species of mixed peat-swamp forest and heath forest.The timber is used for house construction.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Anisoptera megistocarpa
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore
A large tree scattered throughout mixed dipterocarp forest on well-drained soil.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 9199
Aquilaria beccariana
Thymelaeaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia
This species occurs in primary and secondary forest, sometimes in swamp forest, up to 800m altitude. The heartwood of Aquilaria species infected by certain fungi, known as 'agarwood' or 'gaharu', has a high commercial value for incense, perfume and traditional medicine. Since 'gaharu' is so valuable, the trade in the diseased wood has increased over the past decade resulting in over-exploitation throughout its range.
Refs: 1766, 19059
Aquilaria hirta
Thymelaeaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Singapore
A small tree occurring in lowland forest on hill slopes. The heartwood, known as 'agarwood' or 'gaharu' has a high commercial value for incense, perfume and traditional medicine. Since 'gaharu' is so valuable, the trade in the diseased wood has increased over the past decade resulting in over-exploitation throughout its range.
Refs: 9199, 19059
Aquilaria malaccensis
Thymelaeaceae VU A1cd
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India (Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura), Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Iran, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
A large evergreen tree found in forests on the foothills of mountains. For centuries this species has been traded internationally for the valuable 'agar' or 'gaharu' wood. Most of the agarwood on the market is collected from the wild as the few plantations set up in the early 1900s either are under pressure or have been destroyed. Illegal trade has been reported in India, Indonesia and Viet Nam. Listed on CITES Appendix II.
Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop
Refs: 1086, 5550, 5626, 6646, 8865, 9199, 9328, 10471, 12959, 14490, 17140, 19058, 19059
Aquilaria microcarpa
Thymelaeaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Singapore
This species grows in lowland forest up to 200m altitude. The heartwood has a high commercial value for incense, perfume and traditional medicine. Since 'gaharu' is so valuable, the trade in the diseased wood has increased over the past decade resulting in over-exploitation throughout its range.
Refs: 9199, 16104, 19059
Burkillanthus malaccensis
Rutaceae VU C2a
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak)
A small tree from a monotypic genus. Solitary trees or small groups of trees occur on stream banks, slopes and on ridge tops in primary and secondary forest in lowland areas. In Sarawak, the species is known from a single specimen collected in 1961 from primary riparian forest in the Labang Forest Reserve, Bintulu.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 14541, 19017
Calophyllum macrocarpum
Guttiferae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Thailand
A large tree found in mixed dipterocarp forest, in periodically inundated forest and in hill forest up to 800 m altitude. The wood is used as bintangor timber.
Refs: 9199, 14573, 17140
Calophyllum rigidum
Guttiferae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Singapore
A scattered and uncommon tree found in mixed diptercarp forest. In Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra the species occurs in swamp forest and in Sarawak it occurs more in heath forest. The wood is used for ship-building and general construction and is traded as 'bintangor'.
Refs: 9199, 12937, 14573
Calophyllum sclerophyllum
Guttiferae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)
A large tree restricted to but common in freshwater peat swamps or periodically inundated lowland forest. The hard, durable wood is used as bintangor timber for general construction.
Calophyllum sundaicum
Guttiferae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Singapore
A tree confined to peat swamp, except for an occasional occurrence in heath forest in Sarawak. It is probably exploited for its 'bintangor' timber.
Refs: 9199, 14573
Canarium pseudodecumanum
Burseraceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Thailand
An uncommon large tree found scattered in primary forest on undulating swamp land up to 280 m.The timber is traded as 'kedondong'. There is concern over its status in Sabah.
Refs: 7673, 11145, 17140, 19017, 19026
Canarium pseudopatentinervium
Burseraceae VU A1c
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak)
An uncommon tree restricted to lowland primary forest. In Sarawak, the species is only known from a single collection from Belaga.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 11145, 19017
Cantleya corniculata
Icacinaceae VU A1cd
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia?, Sabah, Sarawak)
Scattered below 300m in primary freshwater swamp forests and hill forests in drier areas, this tree is exploited for its highly valued timber. There is great demand for the heavy, hard wood having a fragrance similar to sandalwood for which it is used as a substitute.
Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop
Refs: 5550, 6426, 12937
Combretocarpus rotundatus
Anisophylleaceae VU A1cd
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)
This monotypic genus is restricted to peat swamp forest throughout Borneo, Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Larger trees occur in the wetter swamp forests. The timber is used for railway sleepers and heavy construction.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 19017
Cotylelobium melanoxylon
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Diospyros pilosanthera
Ebenaceae
Cambodia, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sumatra), Malaysia? (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah?), Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam
Found in primary forest up to 900m, this tree is frequently found in peat-swamp forest, swampy areas and river valley forest. In the Philippines it is found in forest fragments smaller than 50 kmē. Forests containing this species have been degraded by legal and illegal logging and loss of habitat due to land conversion.
Refs: 3683, 4919, 9199, 11145, 12937, 14903, 17140, 19066
Dipterocarpus baudii
Dipterocarpaceae
Cambodia, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam
A species found scattered in the greatly reduced lowland evergreen forests of South East Asia.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 3998, 6646, 7673, 9169
Dipterocarpus borneensis
Dipterocarpaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak)
This tree is commonly found in lowland heath forest and occasionally in mixed swamp forest.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 14573
Dipterocarpus caudatus ssp. penangianus
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore
A lowland subspecies found on well-drained land in humid areas. The strong timber is utilised for heavy construction and the wood-oil once had commercial value.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199
* Dipterocarpus cinereus
Dipterocarpaceae EX
Indonesia (Sumatra)
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Dipterocarpus concavus
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169
* Dipterocarpus conformis ssp. conformis
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra)
This variety is confined to lowland and hill dipterocarp forests in north-west Sumatra.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Dipterocarpus coriaceus
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 17140
Dipterocarpus cornutus
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 17140
Dipterocarpus costulatus
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak)
A large tree exploited for the keruing timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 17140
Dipterocarpus elongatus
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Singapore
A large tree of secondary and primary forest and fresh-water swamp forest.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 18243
Dipterocarpus eurynchus
Dipterocarpaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Philippines
A species with a localised distribution in mixed dipterocarp forest on leached clay soils.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 10547
Dipterocarpus fagineus
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak)
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 9169, 10547
Dipterocarpus gracilis
Dipterocarpaceae
Bangladesh, India (Andaman and Nicobar Is - Andaman Is, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Tripura), Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand
A large tree found in lowland seasonal semi-evergreen and evergreen dipterocarp forest. It is one of the important sources of keruing timber in Indo-China and is often used as a commercial grade plywood.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 15754
Dipterocarpus grandiflorus
Dipterocarpaceae
India (Andaman and Nicobar Is - Andaman Is), Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam
A relict species from the Pleistocene Sundaland which was once covered with semi-evergreen dipterocarp forest. It occurs in primary semi-evergreen and evergreen dipterocarp forest. Substantial amounts of keruing timber and also large quantities of oleo-resin are harvested.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 848, 3998, 6646, 9169, 9199, 17140
Dipterocarpus hasseltii
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Bali, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam
A large tree of lowland dipterocarp forest, cut for keruing timber. It is recorded in the sacred forest of Sanggen, Bali.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5054, 5550, 7673, 9169
Dipterocarpus humeratus
Dipterocarpaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)
This keruing timber species is scattered or semi-gregarious on undulating land and clay ridges below 700 m altitude.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 14573
Dipterocarpus kerrii
Dipterocarpaceae
India (Andaman and Nicobar Is - Andaman Is), Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam
A species which is locally common in lowland semi-evergreen and evergreen dipterocarp forest. It is cut for keruing timber and is the main source of wood-oil (damar minyak or gurjun balsam) for the region.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 3998, 5550, 7673, 9169, 17140, 19093
Dipterocarpus kunstleri
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak), Philippines
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Dipterocarpus lowii
Dipterocarpaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)
A large tree which is an important source of keruing timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 17140
Dipterocarpus palembanicus ssp. palembanicus
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Singapore
The subspecies has a local distribution in mixed dipterocarp forest on hills up to 650 m.
Assessor: Unspecified
Refs: 9501, 14573
Dipterocarpus retusus
Dipterocarpaceae
China (Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Lesser Sunda Is, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam
A large timber tree which is widely occuring in moist evergreen, sometimes semi-deciduous, montane forest. In China, the species is confined to an area of 30 kmē in Yingjiang, where a nature reserve has been set up. There is still some threat of habitat conversion.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 1818, 3998, 5550, 7673, 9169, 11847, 15754
Dipterocarpus rigidus
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak)
A large tree which is locally abundant in dry forest on coastal hills.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Dipterocarpus sublamellatus
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Singapore
In Peninsular Malaysia, this very large tree is an important source of keruing timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 17140
Dipterocarpus verrucosus
Dipterocarpaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)
A timber tree, locally common on ridges in mixed dipterocarp forest. The keruing timber is exploited, especially in Brunei and parts of Peninsular Malaysia.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 14573
Dryobalanops aromatica
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)
A very large gregarious tree which provides most of the kapur timber and camphor for Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. It has recently been determined that D. sumatrensis is a synonym of D. aromatica; the name D. aromatica has been conserved.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 3738, 10547, 13857
Dryobalanops oblongifolia ssp. occidentalis
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A large tree restricted to shallow acidic soils.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Durio carinatus
Bombacaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak)
A species found in marshy areas, especially peat-swamp forest. It is primarily used for its timber, however the tasteless fruit can be eaten.
Refs: 11145, 17140
Durio griffithii
Bombacaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore
A fairly widespread species restricted to lowland mixed dipterocarp forest. Fruits are set relatively rarely because of a strong self-incompatibility within individual trees. The species does, however, flower reliably and could be used as a genetic source for the improvement of cultivated durian.
Refs: 9199, 10547, 17140, 18327
Durio lowianus
Bombacaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
This large, emergent tree occurs in rainforest up to an altitude of 150 m. It flowers infrequently. The wood is believed to be used as durian timber.
Refs: 10547
Durio malaccensis
Bombacaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia
An understorey tree, found in rainforest up to 800 m in altitude. It is of some interest as a potential genetic resource because of its annual flowering.
Refs: 11145, 12937, 16121
Durio oxleyanus
Bombacaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)
An emergent tree found in the moister areas of lowland rainforest. The fruits are collected from the wild but the species is rarely cultivated because of its infrequent fruiting. Primarily used for its timber, levels of exploitation have led to concern over genetic erosion in some areas.
Refs: 8865
Durio zibethinus
Bombacaceae
Indonesia (Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia, Philippines
The main source of durian fruit, the range of the species in the wild is not known with certainty. Wild trees may exist on Sumatra and Borneo. Cultivated trees are found in a range stretching from southern India to New Guinea. The species provides an important crop for Viet Nam and Myanmar. There is some concern over genetic erosion in some areas.
Refs: 2072, 3738, 16121
* Elaeocarpus beccarii ssp. sumatrana
Elaeocarpaceae VU B1+2c, D2
Indonesia (Sumatra)
Known only from the type collection this newly described subspecies is found in lowland ridge forest in Sumatra.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 4074
* Elaeocarpus brigittae
Elaeocarpaceae VU D2
Indonesia (Sumatra)
A newly described species known from montane rainforest and mossy forest in Gunung Leuser National Park in Sumatra.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 4074
*Elaeocarpus simaluensis
Elaeocarpaceae VU D2
Indonesia (Sumatra)
A species known from one location in swamp forest on Simalue Island, north-west Sumatra.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 4074
Elaeocarpus submonoceras ssp. submonoceras
Elaeocarpaceae VU B1+2c
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A tree known from primary forest in Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, where it has not been collected since 1929.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 4074
Endocomia canarioides
Myristicaceae VU A1c
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam?
A fairly widespread tree found in evergreen forest, open bamboo forest and lowland rainforest below 300m.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 9199, 9603, 19078
Eusideroxylon zwageri
Lauraceae VU A1cd+2cd
Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines
Generally a species of lowland primary forest. Belian or Ironwood is one of the most renowned timbers of Borneo, the decline of which was first noted in 1955. Population reduction due to over-exploitation and shifting agriculture has been noted in the following regions: Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sabah, Sarawak and the Philippines. Indonesia has banned the export of this species and Sarawak has placed restrictions on export; Sabah and Kalimantan continue to export belian. The ability to regenerate in logged-over forests is limited. So far it is only planted on a small scale because large scale plantations are limited by inadequate seeds and seedling supply.
Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop
Refs: 898, 3122, 7087, 7461, 12937, 13395, 14573, 17235, 19026
*Gonystylus acuminatus
Thymelaeaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra)
A lowland tree restricted to Sumatra.
Refs: 1766
Gonystylus bancanus
Thymelaeaceae VU A1cd
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)
A gregarious, often dominant tree of lowland freshwater swamp and peat-swamp forest up to 100m altitude in south-west Peninsular Malaysia, south-east Sumatra, Bangka and Borneo. This species has been heavily depleted as it is the most important source of 'ramin' timber. It is threatened by over-exploitation and habitat loss.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 7673, 14448, 14573, 17140
Gonystylus confusus
Thymelaeaceae
Indonesia? (Sumatra?), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore
A tree confined to non-inundated lowland rainforest up to 600m altitude. Trees are cut for 'ramin' timber.
Refs: 9199, 14573, 17140
Gonystylus forbesii
Thymelaeaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)
This tree is fairly common in swamp forest, especially near streams and in dryland rainforest up to 1200m. The timber is used as 'ramin', but is only of minor importance.
Refs: 1766, 14573
Gonystylus macrophyllus
Thymelaeaceae
Indonesia (Bali, Irian Jaya, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Papua New Guinea (North Solomons), Philippines?, Solomon Islands (South Solomon)
A widespread tree occurring in primary forest reaching an altitude of 1500m in some areas. However , this species might eventually be split into several distinct species, as the present species concept might be too wide. It is one of the important 'ramin' timber species and the heartwood is used as incense.
Refs: 1766, 4919, 12937, 14573, 17140
Gonystylus maingayi
Thymelaeaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore
Restricted to primary rainforest and peat-swamp forest up to 200m altitude, this tree is exploited for its valuable 'ramin' timber. The roots are used locally as a medicine administered after childbirth.
Refs: 7673, 9199, 14573
Gonystylus velutinus
Thymelaeaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan?, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah?, Sarawak?)
Scattered and locally common in primary rainforest, this species is used as 'ramin' for house construction and planks.
Refs: 14573
* Hopea bancana
Dipterocarpaceae CR A1cd, B1+2c
Indonesia (Sumatra)
Endemic to Sumatra, this species is seriously threatened by the loss of its forest habitat.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673
Hopea beccariana
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Thailand
Widespread on coastal hills and inland ridges, this tree is an important source of heavy merawan timber and dammar resin.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Hopea bilitonensis
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
This lowland forest species is seriously threatened by the loss of its habitat.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Hopea cernua
Dipterocarpaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)
This species grows in mixed dipterocarp forest on fertile soils up to 1650m.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 14573
Hopea dryobalanoides
Dipterocarpaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)
Widespread and locally common in the lowlands, this species is found on clay-rich fertile soils on undulating land and well-drained flat land. The wood is used as merawan timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 14573
Hopea ferruginea
Dipterocarpaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 13857, 16104
Hopea kerangasensis
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak)
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Hopea mengerawan
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Singapore
Scattered throughout lowland mixed dipterocarp forest, this species is an important source of merawan timber and also produces a good quality dammar resin.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199
Hopea montana
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah)
This tree is found infrequently on hill slopes in dipterocarp forest.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857
Hopea myrtifolia
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
This tree grows in deep fertile soils on well drained land. The species provides a merawan timber and a good quality dammar resin.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 14573
Hopea nervosa
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)
This species is locally common on lowland clay-rich fertile soil.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169
* Hopea nigra
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra)
A tree endemic to the lowland forests of Sumatra, where it is severely threatened by the loss and degradation of the habitat.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Hopea pachycarpa
Dipterocarpaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak)
A tree found in mixed dipterocarp forest. A reserve has been proposed where the species occurs.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 17140
* Hopea paucinervis
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra)
This species is possibly extinct.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Hopea pierrei
Dipterocarpaceae
Cambodia, Indonesia (Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand, Viet Nam
A relatively small dipterocarp which is found mainly in lowland evergreen rain forest on sandy soils but also in heath forest in parts of Indo-China. It is a valued timber species in Viet Nam and Cambodia. The Viet Namese population has decreased due to exploitation and habitat reduction.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 848, 7673, 9169, 14573
Hopea sangal
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Java, Lesser Sunda Is, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand
A riparian tree which is scattered but locally common. It is commonly cut as merawan timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 3998, 5550, 7673, 9169, 9199, 17140
Hopea semicuneata
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A tree of lowland dipterocarp forest on clay-rich alluvium. It is often cut for its giam timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169
*Horsfieldia atjehensis
Myristicaceae VU D2
Indonesia (Sumatra)
A montane forest species known from 1 collection from North Aceh.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 319, 10547
Horsfieldia fulva
Myristicaceae VU A1c
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A rare tree occuring in lowland rainforest up to 200m in Jambi province, Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. In Peninsular Malaysia the species is threatened by urban expansion and logging activities.
Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O.
Refs: 319, 11647, 19073, 19078
*Horsfieldia hirtiflora
Myristicaceae VU D2
Indonesia (Sumatra)
A small tree which is only known from 3 collections from Tapanuli and the east coast.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 3597, 10547
Horsfieldia macilenta
Myristicaceae VU A1c
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)
A rare tree found growing in lowland primary mixed dipterocarp forest and swamp forest. There are 8 collections in total.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 3597
* Horsfieldia macrothyrsa
Myristicaceae LR/nt
Indonesia (Sumatra)
A small tree of submontane and riverine forest apparantly restricted to Mt Sago, Central Sumatra and Northern Sumatra.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 3597, 10547
Horsfieldia penangiana ssp. penangiana
Myristicaceae VU A1c
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A tree found in primary dry montane forest. It is known from 7 collections from Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 2147
Horsfieldia pulcherrima
Myristicaceae VU D2
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A rare tree found in lowland primary forest and swamp forest. It is known from 5 collections from Pahang and Johore and 1 sterile collection from Jambi, Sumatra.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 319
Horsfieldia sparsa
Myristicaceae LR/nt
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Thailand
An uncommon tree found in both primary and secondary dryland forest and in periodically inundated forest up to 350m altitude. Widely distributed in Peninsular Malaysia, this species is additionally known from a single collection from Peninsular Thailand, 2 collections from northern Sumatra and 1 collection from Singapore.
Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O.
Refs: 319, 9199
Horsfieldia superba
Myristicaceae LR/nt
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore
A tree scattered in lowland, hill and swamp forest. This species has not been collected recently and it is threatened by the expansion of human habitation and logging.
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
Refs: 319, 9199, 17140, 19073, 19078
Horsfieldia tomentosa
Myristicaceae LR/nt
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore?, Thailand
A tree of lowland and hill forest found up to 300m altitude.
Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O.
Refs: 319, 9199
* Horsfieldia triandra
Myristicaceae VU D2
Indonesia (Sumatra)
A tree known from two collections in central and south Sumatra.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 319, 10547
Horsfieldia tristis
Myristicaceae VU D2
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak)
A species known from 5 localities in lowland forest.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 319
Horsfieldia valida
Myristicaceae VU D2
Indonesia (Kalimantan?, Sumatra)
This tree is known from 5 collections taken from primary and ravine forest on the east and west coast of Sumatra. A collection, which is doubtfully this species, was taken from Mt Damoes, West Kalimantan.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 3597, 10547
Hydnocarpus sumatrana
Flacourtiaceae DD
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines, Thailand
A timber species occuring in rainforest in hilly or steep locations up to 200m. It used to be common on Java.
Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop
Refs: 6426, 7673, 9328, 12937, 19057
Knema andamanica ssp. nicobarica
Myristicaceae VU D2
India (Andaman and Nicobar Is - Nicobar Is), Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A total of 6 collections are known of this rainforest tree, taken from Nicobar Is., Penang Is. and Atjeh in Sumatra.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 10460
Knema curtisii var. paludosa
Myristicaceae VU A1c
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Singapore
A variety found predominantly in fresh-water swamp forest where it has been infrequently collected.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 9199, 10460
Knema hookerana
Myristicaceae VU A1c
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Thailand
A distinctive species which occurs from southern Peninsular Thailand to Sumatra; no recent collections have been made of this species.
Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O.
Refs: 9199, 10460
Knema intermedia
Myristicaceae LR/nt
Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore
Farily widespread in west Malesia, however the species has only been collected twice in recent years.
Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O.
Refs: 9199, 10460, 17140
* Knema kunstleri ssp. macrophylla
Myristicaceae VU D2
Indonesia (Sumatra)
Only known from the type collection from the Irdragiri Uplands, the subspecies occurs in lowland swamp forest.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 10460, 10547
Knema lampongensis
Myristicaceae VU D2
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra)
A total of 5 collections have been found on the east coast and Riouw Island off Sumatra and the Anambas Islands off Borneo.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 10460
* Knema losirensis
Myristicaceae LR/cd
Indonesia (Sumatra)
This tree has only been found in northern Sumatra. It is present in the Gunung Leuser Nature Reserves.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 10460, 10547
Koompassia excelsa
Leguminosae LR/cd
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines, Thailand?
One of the tallest rainforest trees ever reported, reaching up to 85m, found along rivers and in valleys in lowland primary forest and often in secondary growth. The trees are protected from cutting in Kalimantan because wild bees often build combs in the branches. It is also protected in Sarawak under the Wildlife Protection Bill of 1990. There is concern over its conservation status in Sabah. However, Koompassia timber is currently gaining importance in trade because of the shortage of heavy hardwood timber.
Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop
Refs: 4919, 12937, 14573, 17214, 19026, 19072
Koompassia malaccensis
Leguminosae LR/cd
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore, Thailand
This very large tree is found in freshwater peat swamp forest, usually below 150 m. It is a useful timber species for heavy construction. Koompassia timber is currently gaining importance in trade because of the shortage of heavy hardwood timber. It is protected in Sarawak under the Wildlife Protection Bill of 1990.
Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop
Refs: 2422, 9199, 12827, 12937, 14573, 17140, 17214, 19057, 19072
Lepidopetalum montanum
Sapindaceae
India (Andaman and Nicobar Is - Andaman Is, Andaman and Nicobar Is - Nicobar Is), Indonesia (Sumatra)
A primary forest tree confined to north Sumatra, south Andaman and Nicobar. Of the 14 collections of this species most are from the late 1800's, only a couple of collections are from the 1960's -70's.
Assessor: Unspecified
Refs: 18389
Lophopetalum multinervium
Celastraceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore
This tree is found in freshwater and peat swamp forest and very occasionally in submontane forest up to 1500m. It is widely distributed in Sabah and Sarawak. There is great demand for wood of this genus which is traded as perupok. In east Kalimantan, a process has been set up to record 'superior mother trees'.
Refs: 7673, 9199, 12937, 14573, 17140, 19017
Lophopetalum pachyphyllum
Celastraceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak)
A tree occuring in dry forest on slopes, ridges and limestone cliffs up to an elevation of 450m. In Sarawak, the species is only known from two collections from Bako National Park. The timber is used as perupok, which is in high demand.
Assessor: Unspecified
Refs: 14573, 19017
Lophopetalum pallidum
Celastraceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)
This tree occurs in dry primary rainforest, often on hillsides or ridge tops. It is rare in Sabah and Sarawak. The species, along with other members of the genus, is exploited for its perupok timber, for which there is high demand.
Assessor: Unspecified
Refs: 14573, 19017
* Mangifera bompardii
Anacardiaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra)
A mountain species restricted to the Karo Highlands and Aceh between 1200 and 1700m. It represents one of two mango species which can grow at high altitudes. It is common in semi-cultivation and is potentially an important candidate in planting programmes in areas such as the Mediterranean.
Assessor: Unspecified
Refs: 11278
Mangifera bullata
Anacardiaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia? (Peninsular Malaysia?, Sabah?)
A tree known from two sterile collections from nothern Sumatra and a couple of dubious collections from Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah. It is reported to be fairly common in drained rainforest at 900m.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 11278
Mangifera decandra
Anacardiaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)
A very large tree, reaching heights of up to 50m. It is common but very scattered within lowland evergreen rainforest.
Refs: 7215, 9570
*Mangifera dewildei
Anacardiaceae VU D2
Indonesia (Sumatra)
Found in lowland rainforest, this massive tree is only known from the type locality in North Sumatra Leuser Nature Reserve at 400m.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 11278
Mangifera kemanga
Anacardiaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A very popular fruit tree in west Java where it is commonly sold in markets, occasionally reaching the supermarkets of Jakarta. It is restricted to the wet tropical lowland where it is only known in cultivation or semi-cultivation; it is possibly extinct in the wild. Very rarely found in Borneo, it was once cultivated in Sabah near Kota Kinabalu, but has since been reported to have disappeared. Hybrids of this species with Mangifera caesia have been found in Kalimantan.
Refs: 11278, 16394
Mangifera lalijiwa
Anacardiaceae DD
Indonesia (Bali, Java, Sumatra?)
There is some question over the existence of this large forest tree in the wild. A population is known from an area between Semarang and Yogyakarta in central Java. There are also possible occurrences in Madura, Java, Bali and Sumatra and perhaps further afield. In Java encroaching agriculture and logging has almost completely eradicated lowland forest. This species is obviously highly valued for its fruit which appear in large quantities in local markets.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 9078, 11278
Mangifera leschenaultii
Anacardiaceae
Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah)
A tree of tropical, wet, lowland areas throughout western Malesia, where it is also widely cultivated. Despite the species being extensively planted, there is curiously little known about it. Kostermans and Bompard consider it to be one of the few species in the genus "in real danger of extinction".
Refs: 11278
Mangifera longipetiolata
Anacardiaceae
Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah)
This uncommon tree occurs in wet evergreen forest. It is probably extinct on Java. The fruit is unlikely to be eaten and the wood is reputed to be used.
Refs: 11278
Mangifera macrocarpa
Anacardiaceae VU A1c
Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Singapore, Thailand
A large tree extremely scattered and localised within lowland wet evergreen rainforest. The species is rarely found in cultivation as it flowers and fruits infrequently and the fruit is rarely, if ever, eaten. It is possibly extinct in Java.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 7215, 9199, 9328, 9570, 11479
Mangifera microphylla
Anacardiaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak)
An uncommon poorly-known species which prefers wet lowland evergreen forest. It is in cultivation but flowers and fruits infrequently. It has not been re-collected from the wild in recent years.
Refs: 11278, 16394
Mangifera odorata
Anacardiaceae EW
This tree has never been found in the wild and its origin remains a mystery. It is commonly cultivated in high rainfall areas of east Asia for its popular fruit, especially in areas where Mangifera indica can't be grown.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 4377, 5054, 5550, 9199, 9570, 11278, 12937
Mangifera paludosa
Anacardiaceae EN A1c+2c
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore
A tree found in freshwater marshy areas and mangrove swamp in southern Peninsular Malaysia, Riau Is., Bangka Is, Jambi and Palembang, Sumatra. It is thought to be extinct in Singapore due to urban expansion into the mangrove areas. It is suspected to be "in real danger of extinction" according to Kostermans. An occurrence is recorded in Berbak Nature Reserve in Sumatra.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 4377, 16394
Mangifera rigida
Anacardiaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah)
A tree restricted to lowland rainforest in north-west Borneo, Sumatra and Simaloer Island.
Refs: 8969, 11278, 16394
Mangifera rubropetala
Anacardiaceae EW
Yet to be found in the wild, this species is cultivated widely in Sabah, Sarawak and also south Kalimantan and probably Sumatra. Its tasty fruit are similar to the common mango. It is adapted to wet lowland conditions and is best grown in areas without a pronounced dry season.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 11278
Mangifera rufocostata
Anacardiaceae VU A1c
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah)
One of the tallest trees in the genus reaching 53 m in height, it is found scattered in lowland wet evergreen forest in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo. The species produces a sour-tasting fruit after a long dry spell when other food is scarce.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 4377, 8969, 11278
* Mangifera similis
Anacardiaceae VU A1c
Indonesia (Sumatra)
Restricted to south Kalimantan and Palembang in Sumatra, this rare tree is found in lowland rainforests. It was introduced to Java where it is now cultivated. The specimen from Sumatra is slightly different.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 15991
Mangifera subsessilifolia
Anacardiaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Singapore
A rare tree scattered in lowland wet evergreen forest. In Singapore, only 1 tree remains on Bukit Timah.
Refs: 4377, 11278
Mangifera swintonioides
Anacardiaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah)
A fairly large tree found in lowland wet evergreen forests in western Malesia. The fruit is a scarcity food and is used in sambal.
Refs: 4377, 11278
Merrillia caloxylon
Rutaceae VU B1+2c
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia (ex), Sabah), Thailand
Solitary trees of this monotypic genus are scattered in lowland moist primary and secondary forest on stream banks and hill sides. It has only been collected once in Sabah from a streambank in secondary forest in Sandakan. The durable, handsome wood has been used in the past Peninsular Malaysia to make small implements. It is now presumed to be extinct in this region.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 1685, 5550, 17140, 19017
Microtropis sumatrana
Celastraceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah)
This tree of lowland to submontane forest up to 1050 m altitude is found in Sumatra and is uncommon in Sabah.
Assessor: Unspecified
Refs: 19017
Myristica depressa
Myristicaceae LR/nt
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)
A tree restricted to lowland primary mixed dipterocarp forest.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 18022
Myristica gigantea
Myristicaceae LR/nt
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)
A large tree found on flat land and hillsides up to 700m altitude. The wood is used as 'penarahan' timber.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 11145
Myristica lowiana
Myristicaceae LR/nt
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore
This tree is mainly found in peat-swamp forest; it is rarely found on dry land. Trees are cut for 'penarahan' timber.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 9199, 11145, 12937, 18022
Nyssa javanica
Cornaceae
Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)
This large tree is found in primary submontane forest between 1400 and 1500m. In Sarawak it is only known from Mount Kinabalu and from a single collection from the Kelabit Highlands.
Refs: 19017
Ochanostachys amentacea
Olacaceae DD
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore
A monotypic genus found scattered in the understorey, occasionally reaching the canopy, of primary and secondary lowland rainforest, often mixed dipterocarp forest. Natural regeneration is sparse and scattered, but it can be good under favourable conditions. The tree is slow growing; taking about 150 years to reach a diameter of 50 cm. The petaling timber is too scarce to be of commercial importance, however it is often traded with other medium and hard woods in mixed consignments. The wood is used for house posts and heavy construction.
Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop
Refs: 5550, 9199, 9328, 11145, 12937, 17140, 19017
Pachylarnax praecalva
Magnoliaceae DD
China, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Viet Nam
In Viet Nam, the species occurs on high mountains in evergreen forest. It is exploited for its valuable timber and has suffered significant population declines here.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 848, 2428, 15357, 19060
*Parashorea aptera
Dipterocarpaceae CR A1cd
Indonesia (Sumatra)
Only found below 70m in eastern Sumatra, this tree grows on sandy soils on low hills.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Parashorea globosa
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A tree suffering from degradation of the lowland dipterocarp forest.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169
Parashorea lucida
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak)
This species is found in mixed dipterocarp forest on hills.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Parinari costata ssp. costata
Chrysobalanaceae DD
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines
A lowland forest tree which is uncommon in Sabah and Sarawak.
Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop
Refs: 19017
Parinari oblongifolia
Chrysobalanaceae DD
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore
This tree grows in lowland rainforest on riverbanks or in valleys up to 450 m altitude.
Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop
Refs: 7673, 9199, 12937, 19017
Pericopsis mooniana
Leguminosae VU A1cd, D1
Federated States of Micronesia, Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka
A fairly large tree mainly found scattered within coastal forests. The species has been heavily exploited for its beautiful timber which is in great demand and realises high prices; however, since supplies are limited, trade and export are minimal. It is threatened further by poor natural regeneration and lack of replanting. Very few stands remain in Sulawesi, it is thought to be almost extinct in Sabah, and it is considered to be rare or vulnerable in Peninsular Malaysia, Kalimantan and Sri Lanka.
Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop
Refs: 1517, 4329, 5550, 8203, 8865, 12779, 12937, 13395, 14573, 17991, 18796, 19026, 19112
Pinus merkusii
Pinaceae VU B1+2ce
Indonesia (Sumatra), Philippines, Viet Nam
An important timber tree known from open pine woodlands in Sumatra around Lake Toba following the mountains north-east, and also in the Philippines. High levels of exploitation have resulted in populations being reduced to very low levels in the Philippines. In Sumatra the timber continues to be extracted. The effects on the population here are yet to be confirmed.
Assessor: Unspecified
Refs: 374, 3091, 6405, 6646, 19093
Podocarpus deflexus
Podocarpaceae LR/cd
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A shrub or small tree 10-13m tall inhabiting moist montane scrub between 1500m and 2100m altitude. This species is confined to Pahang (G. Tahan), where it has complete protection status in the national park ( Taman Negara) and North Sumatra.
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
Refs: 374, 6851, 8464, 19073
Pterocarpus indicus
Leguminosae VU A1d
Cambodia, India, Indonesia (Bali, Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Is, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Myanmar, Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea), Philippines, Solomon Islands (South Solomon), Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vanuatu, Viet Nam
A widespread tree found up to 500m in primary forests and in some secondary forests, mainly along tidal creeks and rocky shores. The species is threatened by over-exploitation for its 'narra' timber, including illegal felling, and shifting cultivation. It has been extinct in the wild for over 300 years in Viet Nam. In Sri Lanka, the species was not found during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review, suggesting the species is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. In Peninsular Malaysia, the species is possibly extinct due to exploitation of the few known stands. The largest remaining populations occur in New Guinea, however, they are being heavily exploited. It is considered vulnerable in the Philippines, endangered in India and threatened in Indonesia. Pterocarpus indicus is widely cultivated throughout the tropics.
Assessor: WCMC
Refs: 4919, 5550, 6125, 6156, 6426, 8058, 9328, 10013, 10571, 12779, 12937, 14573, 17140, 19057, 19112
Quassia borneensis
Simaroubaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)
This tree is usually found in primary mixed dipterocarp forest and occasionally in peat swamp or kerangas forests. An uncommon species so far only known from Indragiri of Sumatra, Sabah and Sarawak. In Sabah, it is only known from Pulau Gaya near Kota Kinabalu and is considered to be possibly extinct.
Refs: 19017, 19026
Santiria conferta
Burseraceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore
This tree of submontane forest is very uncommon in Borneo; it is only known from a few collections from Sabah and Sarawak. It is also found in Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.
Refs: 7673, 9199, 11145, 12937, 19017
* Sarcotheca laxa var. brigittae
Oxalidaceae VU B1+2c
Indonesia (Sumatra)
Confined to Aceh, Sumatra, this variety occurs in lowland rainforest.
Assessor: Chung, R.C.K.
Refs: 19073
*Schefflera capitulifera
Araliaceae VU D2
Indonesia (Sumatra)
A small hemiepiphytic tree collected 5 times in northern Sumatra. This distinctive species is found in montane forest and along forest edges in deep ravines. It is found in Gunung Leuser National Park
Assessor: Frodin, D.
Refs: 10547
Schefflera divaricata
Araliaceae
Indonesia (Java, Sumatra)
Restricted to south Sumatra and west Java, this small tree has not been collected recently.
Refs: 10547
*Schefflera multifoliolata
Araliaceae EN B1+2c
Indonesia (Sumatra)
A montane forest tree restricted to Gunung Sibajak, Sibalangit and Banda Baru of northern Sumatra. The species' describtion was based on 8 specimens, the most recent of which was collected in 1983. The population on G. Sibajak is under pressure as this area has long been a popular tourist destination close to Medan. The habitat is also threatened by shifting cultivation.
Assessor: Frodin, D.
Refs: 10547
Scutinanthe brunnea
Burseraceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Sri Lanka
Found below 100 m in lowland forest, this species has a large range. It is uncommon in Sabah and Sarawak and of conservation concern in Sabah. It is considered vulnerable in Sri Lanka because it was found in only 3 localities during the National Conservation Review surveys and it is confined to the remnant lowland rainforests in the south-west.
Refs: 7673, 12937, 17195, 19026, 19112
Shorea assamica ssp. globifera
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Philippines, Thailand
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Shorea atrinervosa
Dipterocarpaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)
A large tree locally common on hillsides and undulating land in mixed dipterocarp forest. The wood is used as balau and the Illipe nuts are collected.
Refs: 14573
Shorea balangeran
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra)
This common tree of peat swamp forest is a major source of red meranti timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Shorea balanocarpoides
Dipterocarpaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak)
This tree grows on yellow sandy loam on undulating land and ridges. It is used as yellow meranti and the illipe nuts are collected locally.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Shorea blumutensis
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A slow growing species of lowland dipterocarp forest, threatened directly by logging; the tree is unlikely to reach reproductive maturity within a logging cycle. It is currently being exploited for its yellow meranti timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169
Shorea bracteolata
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore
Found mostly on well-drained lowland coastal hills, this tree is heavily exploited for white meranti timber especially in Peninsular Malaysia.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 17140
*Shorea conica
Dipterocarpaceae CR A1cd, C2a
Indonesia (Sumatra)
This species is found on undulating land near the coast. It is threatened by forest conversion and degradation.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Shorea dasyphylla
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak)
This tree is found in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest on well-drained land and is cut for light red meranti timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Shorea dealbata
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak)
A tree that is locally frequent on flat coastal swamps on yellow sandy soils and on low hills. It is exploited for its white meranti timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 17140
Shorea falcifera
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak)
A slow-growing lowland forest species which is cut for Balau timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 18327
Shorea foxworthyi
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Thailand
A lofty tree that is a common source of balau timber. Logging is a serious threat because the reproductive cycle of the species exceeds the present cutting cycle.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
*Shorea furfuracea
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra)
Endemic to Sumatra, this tree is found in lowland mixed primary forest.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 9501
Shorea glauca
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Thailand
A semi-gregarious species that is found on rocky hillsides and ridges. It is cut for balau timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Shorea gratissima
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand
A large tree found on well-drained soil in coastal areas, felled for white meranti timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 3998, 7673, 9169, 9199
Shorea guiso
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam
A lowland forest species which is used as red balau timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 19093
Shorea hemsleyana ssp. hemsleyana
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A species found on leached sandy soils and in shallow peat swamp. In Sarawak trees are protected for the illipe nuts.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673
Shorea hopeifolia
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Philippines
A large tree often found along streams on clay-rich soils. A source of yellow meranti timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 2072, 7673, 9169
Shorea javanica
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Java, Sumatra)
Restricted to Sumatra and central Java, this dipterocarp is found in primary and secondary forest in both dry and periodically inundated areas. Plantations of this white meranti timber tree have been established in the south of Sumatra.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 14573
Shorea johorensis
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)
A lofty tree locally common on well-drained soils of the lowland. This species produces a high grade light red meranti timber and for this reason it is a priority plantation tree in Indonesia.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Shorea kunstleri
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)
A large tree specific to leached sandy clay soils, felled for its valued red balau or red meranti timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Shorea lamellata
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A large tree that is found locally on ridges. The tree is cut for white meranti timber and the wood is tapped for its clear resin in Borneo.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169
Shorea lepidota
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A tree that is locally common in lowland dipterocarp forest. The illipe nuts are collected on a small scale and the timber is used as light red meranti.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 17140
Shorea leprosula
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Thailand
This species is still commonly found, but it has suffered a massive population reduction mainly because of rates of exploitation of its light red meranti timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 17140
Shorea longisperma
Dipterocarpaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak)
An enormous tree of the declining mixed dipterocarp forests in Sumatra and northern Borneo. It is felled for yellow meranti timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Shorea macrantha
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak)
This species occurs in the declining mixed peat-swamp forests. The tree is exploited for its light or dark red meranti timber and its edible illipe nuts.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 17140
Shorea macroptera ssp. macroptera
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Thailand
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199
Shorea materialis
Dipterocarpaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak)
A tree of remaining patchy *kerangas vegetation on podzols and sandstone cuestas. It is cut for balau timber. The population in Peninsular Malaysia has declined because of over-exploitation.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 17140
Shorea maxwelliana
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
One of the main balau timber trees, occurring locally in some abundance on low ridges.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Shorea ochrophloia
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A species, found locally on well-drained undulating low-lying ground, which is utilised as red meranti timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169
Shorea ovalis ssp. ovalis
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Singapore
A widespread subspecies that is found in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199
Shorea ovalis ssp. sericea
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
This subspecies occurs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Shorea ovata
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Philippines
A widespread species which is cut for its dark red meranti timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673
Shorea parvifolia ssp. parvifolia
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Thailand
The species is possibly the most common dipterocarp in Malesia. It is, however, heavily exploited as the main source of light red meranti timber in South East Asia.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199
Shorea parvifolia ssp. velutina
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
The species is possibly the most common dipterocarp in Malesia. It is, however, heavily exploited as the main source of light red meranti timber in South East Asia.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Shorea pauciflora
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore
An immense tree of lowland and hill forest on well-drained soils. The species is exploited for its valuable dark red meranti timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199
Shorea peltata
Dipterocarpaceae CR A1cd, C2a
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A tree of mixed dipterocarp forest.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169
Shorea platycarpa
Dipterocarpaceae CR A1cd
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore
A timber tree specific to mixed peat-swamp forest.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9199, 17140
Shorea platyclados
Dipterocarpaceae EN A1cd
Indonesia (Sumatra)
A species found in hilly and mountainous areas on deep fertile soils. It produces a fine dark red meranti timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Shorea resinosa
Dipterocarpaceae CR A1cd
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak)
A tree with a local distribution in mixed dipterocarp forest. The timber is used as a minor white meranti timber. The main threat to the species is forest conversion and degradation.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169
Shorea retinodes
Dipterocarpaceae NE
Indonesia (Sumatra)
This large tree is locally common on slopes up to 1000 m altitude.The timber is used as white meranti and the tree is the main source of a clear resin called 'damar mata kucing'.
Assessor: Unspecified
Refs: 14573
Shorea scabrida
Dipterocarpaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)
A light red meranti timber species found locally in swamp forest, heath forest or mixed dipterocarp forest on shallow peat soil.
Assessor: Unspecified
Refs: 14573
Shorea singkawang
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand
A dark red meranti timber species, usually found near lowland streams. The illipe nuts are collected.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 9501
Shorea teysmanniana
Dipterocarpaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)
A tree of mixed peat-swamp forest, exploited for light red meranti timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 17140
Shorea uliginosa
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak)
Locally abundant in mixed peat-swamp forest, this species is cut for its dark red meranti timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 17140
Sindora inermis
Leguminosae VU A1d
Indonesia (Sumatra), Philippines
The timber of this lowland forest species is used as sepetir. The supply is very limited.
Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop
Refs: 2072, 4919, 12937, 14573
*Sindora sumatrana
Leguminosae
Indonesia (Sumatra)
This locally abundant tree is restricted to Palembang, Sumatra and Lepar Is. The fruits are exported for their medicinal value.
Refs: 14573
Sterculia scortechinii
Sterculiaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)
A tall tree inhabiting lowland rainforest of Sumatra, Sarawak, Sabah and the states of Johore and Perak in Peninsular Malaysia.
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
Refs: 8464, 19073
Strombosia javanica
Olacaceae DD
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand
A tree scattered throughout lowland rainforest, secondary forest and mixed dipterocarp forest. The timber is used locally in Sabah and Sarawak for house construction.
Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop
Refs: 9199, 19017
Trigoniastrum hypoleucum
Trigoniaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore
This monotypic genus is widespread but uncommon; it exists in many habitat types from lowland peat swamp forest and mixed dipterocarp forest to submontane forest.
Refs: 7673, 9199, 17140, 19017
Triomma malaccensis
Burseraceae
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore
A large, emergent tree, up to 60 m in height, found scattered in the primary lowland rainforests of western Malesia. It is common in Sabah and uncommon (2 collections only) in Sarawak. Trees are cut and traded as kedondong timber, especially in Malaysia, but it is not cut selectively on a large scale. The lightweight wood has many uses. Signs of regeneration are very scarce, perhaps due to low fruit setting and seedlings seem to be affected by competition. It also regenerates badly in logged over forest. This is a monotypic genus that is considered an ancient relic because of the primative dry dehiscent fruits.
Refs: 7673, 9199, 11145, 12937, 19017
Vatica brunigii
Dipterocarpaceae
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak)
A tree, found in heath forest in coastal areas and on dry ridges, suffering from habitat degradation.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Vatica lowii
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Vatica maingayi
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore
A locally frequent lowland tree which is cut for resak timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199
*Vatica obovata
Dipterocarpaceae CR A1cd
Indonesia (Sumatra)
Forest conversion has brought this Sumatran endemic close to extinction.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Vatica pauciflora
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand
Locally common in freshwater swamps and on riverbanks, this tree is used as resak timber. It is collected for firewood.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9199
Vatica perakensis
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A tree of low ridges and coastal hills found in central Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169
Vatica ridleyana
Dipterocarpaceae CR A1c, C2a, D1
Indonesia (Sumatra), Singapore
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199
*Vatica soepadmoi
Dipterocarpaceae CR A1c, C2a
Indonesia (Sumatra)
Endemic to east Sumatra, this species is very close to extinction.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Vatica stapfiana
Dipterocarpaceae
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Thailand
A small dipterocarp which is scattered in lowland dipterocarp forest. This species can hybridize with the closely relatedVatica umbonata.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
*Vatica teysmanniana
Dipterocarpaceae CR A1c
Indonesia (Sumatra)
Found in mixed swamp forest in eastern Sumatra and Bangka, the timber of this tree is locally popular mainly for house and bridge building.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169
Vatica venulosa
Dipterocarpaceae CR A1c
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169
Report References
319 de Wilde, W.J.J.O. 1985. A new account of the genus Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae), Pt 3. Gardens' Bulletin 38(2): 185-225.
374 Farjon, Aljos, Christopher N. Page, & Nico Schellevis. 1993. A preliminary world list of threatened conifer taxa. Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 304-326.
848 Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. 1996. Sach do Viet Nam Phan Thuc Vat. Hanoi: Science and Technics Publishing House. 484pp.
875 de Wilde, W.J.J.O. 1987. Further supplementary data on Malesian Knema (Myristicaceae). Blumea 32: 115-141.
898 Peluso, Nancy Lee. 1992. The Ironwood Problem: (Mis) Management and Development of an Extractive Rainforest Product. In Conservation Biology 6(2): 210-219.
1011 Whitmore, T.C., I.G.M. Tantra, & U. Sutisna (eds.). 1989. Tree flora of Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: Forest Research and Development Centre. 119pp.
1086 Mondal, M.S. & G.S. Giri (comps.). 1994. Draft CITES proposal by Botanical Survey of India to list Aquilaria malaccensis on Appendix II. 3pp.
1517 Anon. 1979. Tropical legumes: Resources for the future. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
1685 Jones, D.T. 1987. Rare plant profile no. 1: Merrillia caloxylon (Rutaceae). Bot. Gard. Conserv. News 1(1): 38-42.
1766 Whitmore, T.C., I.G.M Tantra, & U. Sutisna (eds.). 1989. Tree flora of Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: Forest Research and Development Centre. 429pp.
1818 National Environment Protection Bureau. 1987. The list of rare and endangered plants protected in China. Botanical Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing: Academy Press. 96pp.
2072 Forest Management Bureau. 1988. Natural forest resources of the Philippines. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Manila. 62pp.
2147 de Wilde, W.J.J.O. 1996. Additional notes on species of the Asian genera Endocomia, Horsfieldia, and Knema (Myristicaceae). Blumea 41(2): 375-396.
2422 Browne, F.G. 1955. Forest trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their products. Kuching: Government Printer. 369pp.
2428 Nooteboom, H.P. 1985. Notes on Magnoliaceae with a revision of Pachylarnax and Elmerrillia and the Malesian species of Manglietia and Michelia. Blumea 31: 65-121.
2538 Nayar, M.P. & A.R.K. Sastry (eds.). 1987. Red Data Book of Indian plants. Vol. 1. Calcutta: Botanical Survey of India. 367pp.
2698 Nooteboom, H.P. (ed.). 1985. New records. Flora Malesiana Bull. 9(39): 294-304.
3090 Suvatti, C. 1978. Flora of Thailand. Bangkok: Royal Institute.
3091 Smitinand, T. & K. Larsen (eds.). 1970. Flora of Thailand. Bangkok: Applied Science Research Corporation and Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research.
3122 Browne, F.G. 1955. Forest trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their products. Kunching: Government Printing Office.
3597 de Wilde, W.J.J.O. 1986. A new account of the genus Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae), Pt 4. Gardens' Bulletin 39(1): 1-65.
3619 Niyomdham, Chawalit. 1986. A list of flowering plants in the swamp area of peninsular Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 1(16): 211-229.
3683 Callister, Debra J. 1992. Illegal tropical timber trade: Asia-Pacific. Sydney: Traffic Oceania. 83pp.
3738 Elliott, Stephen & Joseph Brimacombe. 1985. The medicinal plants of Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia. 57pp.
3998 FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. 1985. Dipterocarps of South Asia. Bangkok: FAO. 321pp.
4074 Coode, M J E & R Weibel. 1994. Elaeocarpus for Flora Malesiana - notes, new taxa and combinations in sect. Elaeocarpus. 49(2): 235-259.
4329 Whitmore, T.C., I.G.M. Tantra, & U. Sutisna (eds.). 1989. Tree flora of Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: Forest Research and Development Centre. 204pp.
4367 Womersley, J.S. & E.E. Henty (eds.). 1978. Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea. Melbourne Uni. Press.
4377 Bompard, J.M. 1988. Wild Mangifera species in Kalimantan (Indonesia) and in Malaysia. Final report on the 1986-1988 collecting missions. WWF Project No. 3305. Rome, IBPGR, IUCN-WWF. 50p.
4820 Wirawan, N. 1981. Ecological survey of the proposed Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi. Ujung Pandang: Universitas Hasanuddin.
4919 Penafiel, S. 1990. Annotation to list of tropical timbers for the Philippines.
5035 Shrestha, T.B. 1988. Pers. comm. (unpublished). Nepal RDB project: An inventory of endemic, endangered and threatened plants. WWF Project no. 53.
5054 Loc, Phan Ke. 1992. Annotations to: Conservation status listing for Vietnam dated 25 March 1992. (unpublished). 49pp.
5550 Whitmore, T.C. 1990. Comments on Draft Listing of Tropical Timbers of Peninsular Malaysia.
5626 Mansur-Azim, Nazneen. 1989. A tentative list of species threatened in Bangladesh (including endemics).
6125 Lock, J.M. & J. Heald. 1994. Legumes of Indo-China. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 164pp.
6155 Peekel, P.G. 1984. Flora of the Bismark Archipelago for naturalists. Lae, Papua New Guinea: Office of Forest, Division of Botany.
6156 Wheatley, J.I. 1992. A guide to the common trees of Vanuatu. Port Villa, Vanuatu: Dept. of Forestry.
6405 Cooling, E.N.G. 1968. Pinus merkusii - fast growing timber trees of the tropics.
6426 Wildlife Trade Monitoring Unit. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Cambridge: World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 58pp.
6433 Diamond, J., A. Irwanto, A. Kayoi, K. Rumboirusi, J. Ratcliffe, F. Sadsuitubun, & A. Samangun. 1983. Surveys of five proposed reserves in Irian Jaya, Indonesia: Kumawa Mountains, Wandamen Mountains, Yapen Island, Salawati Island, and Bantana Island, July-October 1983. (unpublished). 9-20.
6509 Pannell, C.M. 1992. A taxonomic monograph of the genus Aglaia Lour. (Meliaceae). London: HMSO. 1-379.
6646 Phengklai, Chamlong & Sanan Khamsai. 1985. Some non-timber species of Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 1(15): 108-148.
6647 U.S. Fish and WildlifevService. 1994. Recovery plan for etonia rosemary (Conradina etonia). Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 11pp.
6726 Lear, Michael. 1994. Fax to Harriet Gillett with additions to the Temperate Tree list dated 22 September 1994. 2pp.
6851 De Laubenfels, D.J. 1988. Coniferales. Flora Malesiana series I - spermatophyta, flowering plants 10(3)
7087 Kessler, Paul J.A., Kade Sidiyasa, Ambriansyah Zainal, & Arifin Zainal. 1995. Checklist of secondary forest trees in East and South Kalimantan, Indonesia. 84pp.
7147 Jain, S.K. & R.R. Rao. 1983. An assessment of threatened plants of India. Proceedings of the seminar held at Dehra Dun, 14-17 Sept., 1981. Howrah, Botanical Survey of India. 334pp.
7215 Bompard, J.M. & A.J.G.H. Kostermans. 1985. Preliminary results of an IUCN/WWF sponsored project for conservation of wild Mangifera species in situ in Kalimantan (Indonesia). Montpellier, Laboratoire de Botanique Tropicale and Bogor, BIOTROP.
7461 Partomihardjo, T. 1987. The ulin wood which is threatened to extinction. Duta Rimba 87(13): 10-15.
7510 Pannell, C.M. 1997. Letter about changes in the taxonomy of Aglaia.
7673 van Steenis, C.G.G.J. 1948. Flora Malesiana. Leiden: Flora Malesiana Foundation.
7674 Balakrishnan, N.P. & M.K. Vasudeva Rao. 1983. The dwindling plant species of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. pp. 186-202. In An assessment of threatened plants of India. Naba Mudran Private Limited, Calcutta, India: Director, Botanical Survey of India.
7875 Roberts, E.H. & R.H. Ellis. 1977. Prediction of seed longevity at sub-zero temperatures and genetic resources conservation. Nature 268: 431-433.
7933 Chang, Ching-en. 1988. Threatened plants of Botel Tobago. (unpublished). 3pp.
8058 Womersley, J.S. & J.B. McAdam. 1957. The forests and forest conditions in the territories of Papua and New Guinea. Zillmere, Queensland: The Wilke Group. 22-23.
8203 Abeywickrama, B.A. 1990. The threatened plants of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka: NARESA. Unesco - Man and the Biosphere National Committee for Sri Lanka. 56pp.
8464 Ng, F.S.P., C.M. Low, & M.A.N. Sanah. 1990. Endemic trees of the Malay Peninsula. Kuala Lumpur: Forestry Department. 118pp.
8507 van Gelderen, D.M., P.C. de Jong, & H.J. Oterdoom. 1994. Maples of the World. Hong Kong: Timber Press Inc. 1-458.
8865 Whitmore, T.C. & F.S.P. Ng (eds.). 1972. Tree Flora of Malaya. Kuala Lumpur: Longman.
8969 Fah, L.Y. 1987. A preliminary survey of Mangifera species in Sabah. Sandakan, Forest Research Centre. Project No. 3305/MAL 75.
9078 Whitten, Tony, Roehayat Emon Soeriaatmadja, & Suraya A. Afiff. 1996. The ecology of Java and Bali. The Ecology of Indonesia Series. Volume III. Republic of Singapore: Periplus Editions. 969pp.
9169 Ashton, P.S. 1990. Annotations to: conservation status listings for Dipterocarpaceae.
9199 Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp.
9328 Kostermans, A. 1990. Comments from Kostermans on a draft list of tropical timbers for Indonesia.
9501 Ashton, P.S. 1982. Dipterocarpaceae. pp. 37-552; 575-600. In van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (ed.). Flora Malesiana.
9570 Mukherjee, S.K. 1985. Systematic and ecogeographic studies of crop genepools: 1. Mangifera L. Rome, IBPGR Secretariat. 86pp.
9603 de Wilde, W.J.J.O. 1984. Endocomia, a new genus of Myristicaceae. Blumea 30(1): 173-196.
10013 Loc, Phan Ke. 1992. Annotations to: Conservation status listing for Philippines dated 6 April 1992. 49pp.
10460 de Wilde, W.J.J.O. 1979. New account of the genus Knema (Myristicaceae). Blumea 25(2): 321-478.
10471 Hooker, J.D. 1872. Flora of British India. London.
10547 Whitmore, T.C. & I.G.M. Tantra (eds.). 1986. Tree flora of Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: Forest Research and Development Centre. 381pp.
10571 Papua New Guinea Department of Forests. 1989. Facts and figures 1989. Boroko NCD: Papua New Guinea Department of Forests. 46pp.
11145 Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara, & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. 655 pp.
11278 Kostermans, A.J.G.H. & J.-M. Bompard. 1993. The Mangoes. London, England: Academic Press Ltd. 1-233.
11479 Guan, S.L. 1987. Conservation of the mango and its relatives in Peninsular Malaysia. Forest Research Institute of Malaysia. World Wildlife Fund Malaysia Project MAL 80/85. 29pp.
11647 Ng, F.S.P. & C.M. Low. 1982. Checklist of endemic trees of the Malay peninsula. Kepong, Malaysia: Forest Research Institute. 94pp.
11847 Fu, Li-kuo & Jian-ming Jin (eds.). 1992. China Plant Red Data Book. Beijing: Science Press. xviii-741.
12131 Pannell, C.M. 1992. Aglaia ; a monograph. London: H.M.S.O.
12779 Verdcourt, B. 1979. A manual of New Guinea legumes. Botany Bulletin 11
12827 Corner, E.J.H. 1988. Wayside trees of Malaya.
12937 Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. (unpublished). FO: MISC/76/8.
12959 IUCN Protected Areas Data Unit. 1987. Directory of Indomalayan protected areas. Bhutan. Draft. Cambridge, IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre.
13395 Tantra, G.M. 1983. Erosi plasma nutfah nabati dan Masalah Pelestariannya. Jurnal Litbang Pertanian 2(1): 1-5.
13857 Ashton, P. 1996. Annotations to: Dipterocarpaceae.
14448 Anon. 1985. In situ conservation of forest genetic resources in Peninsular Malaysia. pp. 32-49. In Forest Genetic Resources Information 14. Rome: FAO.
14490 Pradhan, Rebecca. 1993. Annotations to WCMC plant list for Bhutan dated 31 August 1993. 40pp.
14541 Jones, David. 1986. Status of Malaysian Rutaceae (unpublished list). 3pp.
14573 Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp.
14808 Santisuk, T. 1992. Notes on the genus Acer (Aceraceae) in Thailand. Nord. J. Bot. 12: 695-698.
14903 Phengklai, C. 1978. Ebenaceae of Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin 11: 1-103.
15357 Chinh, N. N. et al. 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Hanoi: Agricultural Publishing House. 1-788.
15417 Hommel, P.W.F.M. 1987. Landscape ecology of Ujung Kulon (West Java, Indonesia). Wageningen: Privately published doctoral thesis. 206pp.
15431 Dassanayake, M.D. & F.R. Fosberg (eds.). 1980. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon. New Delhi: Amerind Publ. Co.
15754 Kostermans, A.J.G.H. (ed.). 1987. Proceedings of the Third Round Table Conference on Dipterocarps. Jakarta: Unesco. 657pp.
15991 Lundell, C.L. 1985. Neotropical species of the genus Perrottetia (Celastraceae). Phytologia 57(3): 231-237.
16104 MacKinnon, J. & I. Warsito. 1982. Gunung Palung Reserve Kalimantan Barat: preliminary management plan. Bogor: UNDP/FAO. 40pp.
16121 Smith, N.J.H., J.T. Williams, Donald L. Plucknett, & Jennifer P. Talbot. 1992. Tropical forests and their crops. USA: Cornell University. 568pp.
16394 Kostermans, I. 1986. Annotations to: List of mangoes in the CMC database.
17140 Said, I.M. & Z. Rozainah. 1992. An updated list of wetland plant species of Peninsular Malaysia, with particular reference to those having socio-economic value. Asian Wetland Bureau. 109pp.
17195 Gunatilleke, I.A.U.N. & C.V.S. 1991. Threatened woody endemics of the wet lowlands of Sri Lanka and their conservation. Biological Conservation 55(1): 17-36.
17200 Briggs, J.D. & John H. Leigh. 1988. Rare or threatened Australian plants. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Publications.
17214 Anon. Dun - select committee on flora and fauna. (unpublished).
17232 Whitmore, T.C., I.G.M. Tantra, & U. Sutisna (eds.). 1989. Tree flora of Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: Forest Research and Development Centre. 186pp.
17235 Suselo, T.B. 1987. Autecology of E. zwageri T. & B. (Lauraceae) as applied to forest regeneration. Bogor: BIOTROP.
17759 Werner, Wolfgang. 1995. Annotations to WCMC printout entitled "Conservation status listing for Sri Lanka". 85pp.
17991 Whitten, A.J., M. Mustafa, & G.S. Henderson. 1987. The ecology of Sulawesi. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada Univ. Press. 777pp.
18022 de Wilde, W.J.J.O. 1997. Notes on Southeast Asian and Malesian Myristica and description of new taxa (Myristicaceae). Blumea 42(1): 111-190.
18243 Smitinand, T. & T. Santisuk. 1981. Dipterocarpaceae of Thailand with special reference to silvicultural ecology. Malaysian For. 44(2): 377-385.
18327 Whitmore, T.C., I.G.M. Tantra, & U. Sutisna (eds.). 1989. Tree flora of Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: Forest Research and Development Centre. 181pp.
18389 Adema, F., P.C. Leenhouts, & P.C. van Welzen. 1994. Sapindaceae. Flora Malesiana. Leiden: Flora Malesiana Foundation.
18796 Wijesinghe, L.C.A., I.A.U.N. Gunatilleke, S.D.G. Jayawardana, S.W. Kotagama, & C.V.S. Gunatilleke. 1990. Biological conservation in Sri Lanka (A national status report). Colombo: Natural Resources, Energy and Science Authority of Sri Lanka. 64pp.
18840 Parnadjaja. 1988. Vegetation analysis and mapping by remote sensing techniques as a database for the management of the Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra.
19017 E. Soepadmo and K.M. Wong. 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Kuala Lumpur: Ampang Press Sdn. Bhd. 513 pp.
19026 Meijer, W. 1997. A conversation between Amy MacKinven and Dr W. Meijer regarding possibly extinct trees of Sabah.
19046 Sidiyasa, K. 1997. Personal communication with Kade Sidiyasa, PhD student at the Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden.
19049 Davies, J. 1997. Email messages from Jon Davies regarding tree species under threat in Brunei, including Shorea albida, Agathis borneensis, Dryobalanops rappa.
19057 Frodin, D. et al. 1997. Discussion of the working groups at the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees workshop held in Hanoi, Viet Nam.
19058 Anonymous. 1997. Inclusion of Aquilaria malaccensis in Appendix II of CITES - India. (unpublished).
19060 Ban, N.T. 1997. Some remarks on the red list summary report. 1 pp.
19066 Madulid, D.A. 1996. Letter to A. MacKinven dated 11th July, 1996 re: Diospyros pilosanthera and Diospyros philippinensis.
19072 Hou, D. 1996. Caesalpinioideae. Flora Malesiana. Leiden: Flora Malesiana Foundation.
19073 Chua, L. et al. 1997. Completed data collection forms for endemic trees of Peninsular Malaysia.
19078 de Wilde, W.J.J.O. 1997. Annotations to a draft TCIS printout for Myristicaceae.
19093 Nghia, N.H. 1997. Letter to Sara Oldfield from Dr. Nghia regarding threatened Vietnamese trees.
19112 Green, M.J.B. and E.R. N. Gunawardena (comps.). 1997. Designing an optimum protected areas system for Sri Lanka's natural forests. (unpublished). Prepared by IUCN-The World Conservation Union and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre for the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations.
|
For further information please write to: Information Officer, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL United Kingdom, Tel: +44 1223 277314, Fax: (44) 1223 277136 OR
General e-mail: info@wcmc.org.uk Document URL: http:// www.wcmc.org.uk /latenews/emergency/fire_1997/tree3.htm Revision date: 26-May-2000 Current date: 24-July-2001 |
|||
 Home
|
 Comments |
© WCMC | |